The quest for religious reform goes global.
By James M. Dorsey
I hope you enjoy today’s column and podcast. Please consider
becoming a paid subscriber. Paid subscribers help me cover the cost of
contributing fact-based analysis and understanding to a debate that has become
increasingly polarised and weaponised. To become a paid subscriber, please
click on the subscription button at http://www.jamesmdorsey.substack.com
and choose one of the subscription options. Thank you.
To
watch a video version of this story or listen to an audio podcast click here.
For more than two decades, jihadists took pride in place as
symbols of extremism and illustrations of the need for religious reform. They
made Islam the focus of post-9/11 calls for religious change and moderation.
Today, Islam no longer stands alone. One of the world’s
foremost faiths, Islam has been joined by most major religions that have long
flown under the radar.
Numerous recent examples and incidents in an increasingly
polarised world that allows religion to become a clarion call for supremacy,
racism, bigotry, and prejudice highlight the urgency of expanding the post-9/11
clamour for ‘moderate’ Islam to other major faiths, including Christianity,
Judaism, and Hinduism.
Extremist
rabbis, ultranationalist and ultraconservative Israeli
politicians, far-right
Evangelicals, Russian
Orthodox Church leaders, and Hindu
nationalists have emerged as equally
troublesome militant, supremacist, and racist expressions of faith.
Together, they demonstrate that problematic tenets and
practices of religion pose a universal threat that transcends Islam.
Failure to reform religious jurisprudence and norms allows
religious militants, irrespective of faith, to justify their militancy,
supremacy, and violence in theology and religious law.
Countering those expressions in an increasingly polarised,
us-or-them world, in which religious militants’ impact or control the levers of
power in countries like Israel, Iran, and India or wield significant
behind-the-scenes influence as in Russia, is no mean fete.
“Stop
calling other people infidels. The fact that someone is not Muslim doesn’t make
them an infidel.” Meme created by NU followers. Source: Bayt ar-Rahmah
Even so, Nahdlatul
Ulama, a conservative center-right movement, deserves credit for leading by
example, persistence, determination, and willingness to go where others have
not dared to tread or did not have the clout to do so.
A mass movement
with 90 million followers, a five-million-strong militia, thousands of
religious seminaries, hundreds of universities, and a religious authority of
its own, Nahdlatul Ulama is in a class of its own.
Islamic history
boasts numerous forward-looking reformists. However, in contrast to Nahdlatul
Ulama, they were primarily intellectuals and clerics, some with significant
followings, yet none with the infrastructural and organizational backbone
needed to boost their quest.
In recent years,
Nahdlatul Ulama’s religious scholars acted on the movement’s call for reform of
“obsolete” or “outdated” provisions of Islamic jurisprudence with fatwas or
religious opinions that replaced the notion of a kafir or infidel
with that of a citizen and called for the elimination of the concept of a
caliphate in favour of the nation-state.
The problem is that
fatwas are not binding. While most Nahdlatul Ulama followers may abide by the
opinions, other Indonesian Muslims may not.
Similarly,
Nahdlatul Ulama has set an example for the Muslim world. However, the fatwas
have yet to be emulated elsewhere.
If anything, major
status quo Muslim institutions, including Al Azhar, the more than
1,000-year-old, Cairo-based citadel of Islamic learning, Saudi Arabia’s
government-controlled Muslim World League, and United Arab Emirates-sponsored religious
groups have sought to co-opt the Indonesian movement.
To its credit,
Nahdlatul Ulama has stood its ground, insisting on religious reform that
includes religious and political pluralism.
In doing so,
Nahdlatul Ulama challenges its major Muslim rivals’ view of moderation
which emphasises religious tolerance and interfaith relations, while upholding
the autocratic principle of absolute obedience to the ruler.
Credit: DW
Arab rulers have used their concept of 'moderate' Islam to
legitimize their iron fist rule and crack down on dissent religiously. Saudi
Arabia has gone as far as defining atheism as terrorism and has yet to allow non-Muslim
houses of worship to operate legally.
Autocrats have exploited their definition of ‘moderation’ to
project an image of forward-looking societies that attract needed foreign
investment and reap the economic, social, and political benefits of religious
and social tolerance.
“Harnessing the benefits of religion – including the considerable
economic gains available – requires taming of the tendency for followers of
one religion to exclude and work against non-followers,’ said Bahraini analyst Omar
Al-Ubaydli.
Religious tolerance and interfaith dialogue constitute a
step forward.
Even so, the Gaza war, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict,
Evangelical support for Israel, rising anti-Semitism, Russia’s Orthodox
Church-backed invasion of Ukraine, and anti-Muslim Hindu nationalist agitation
suggest that religious tolerance and interfaith dialogue do not suffice.
To structurally address a problem that feeds discrimination,
racism, and polarisation, religious tolerance and interfaith dialogue need to
be embedded in reforms that counter bigoted, supremacist, and prejudiced
expressions of faith and promote religious, social, and political pluralism and
diversity.
The consequences of failure to do so are omnipresent. They
dominate newscasts and online and social media with reporting from flashpoints
like Ukraine and Gaza and on the rise of the far right in Europe and the United
States, as well as the curbing of freedom of expression in the West when it
comes to supporting the Palestinians.
As a result, Nahdlatul Ulama’s call for reform is not just
valid for Islam and Muslim autocracies. It applies equally to illiberal
democracies that cloak themselves in religious nationalism like Hungary and
India, authoritarian regimes like Russia, and partial democracies like Israel
that uphold democratic principles for Jews but limit Palestinian rights.
Binyamin
Netanyahu addresses Christians United For Israel. Source Arab Center Washington
DC
Men like Mr.
Netanyahu’s Diaspora Affairs and Struggle Against Anti-Semitism minister, Amichai
Chikli, find common ground with often anti-Semitic ultra-conservatives and
far-right politicians in their opposition to ‘radical Islam’ which translates
into support for Israel’s effort to destroy Hamas.
Earlier this month,
Mr. Chikli spoke at a gathering of European far-right
activists hosted by Vox,
Spain's ultra-right political party that Israel once shunned for welcoming
neo-Nazis and Holocaust deniers into its ranks, including Pedro Varela, an infamous
Barcelona Nazi bookseller, who spent time in jail for disseminating hate speech
and nominated Holocaust denier Fernando Paz as a congressional candidate in
Spain’s 2019 election.
Several other
Netanyahu associates, including parliamentarians Amit Halevi and Simcha Rothman, the architect of the prime minister’s
controversial judicial reform, and Science and Technology Minister Gila Gamliel,
spoke earlier this year at influential Conservative Political Action Conference
(CPAC) meetings in Maryland and Hungary alongside Holocaust deniers,
self-identified Nazis, and Christian nationalists.
Speaking in
Maryland, far-right conspiracy theorist Jack Posobiec greeted participants on
the first day of the gathering, saying, “Welcome to the end of democracy. We are here to overthrow it completely…and
replace it with this because all glory is not to government, all glory to God”
as he held up what appeared to be a cross on a chain.
Congresswoman
Elise Stefanik visits Israel at the invitation of Knesset Speaker Amir Ohana.
Source: Stefanik.house.gov
Earlier this month, Knesset speaker Amir Ohana, a member of
Mr. Netanyahu’s Likud Party, invited reformed New York Republican
Congresswoman Elise Stefanic on a blitz visit to Israel.
Ms. Stefanik profiled
herself as a staunch opponent of anti-Semitism in the recent
Congressional grilling of university presidents and a supporter of Israel.
Mr. Ohana overlooked Ms.
Stefanic’s failure to account for her history of anti-Semitism, including
her propagation as recently as two years ago of the white supremacist Great
Replacement Theory. The theory asserts that America’s elite, at times
manipulated by Jews, aims to replace and disempower white Americans. The theory
sparked
mass shootings in the United States.
A white man with a history of antisemitic internet posts in
2018 gunned down 11 people in a Pittsburgh synagogue.
A year later, another white man, angry over what he called
“the Hispanic invasion of Texas,” opened fire on shoppers at an El Paso
Walmart, leaving 23 people dead.
And in yet another deadly mass shooting in 2022 in Buffalo,
New York, a heavily armed white man killed ten people in a supermarket on the
city’s predominantly Black east side.
“The State of Israel and the Zionist movement has actually sought
the support of well-known anti-Semites as long as they are politically in
their corner… People who are bigoted, anti-Semitic, who hate Jews but are
willing to support the State of Israel, are welcomed by Netanyahu and his ilk,”
said Jonathan Kuttab, an international human rights lawyer, board member of the
Bethlehem Bible College, and president of the Holy Land Trust.
Jonathan
Kuttab. Credit: jonathankuttab.org
“I don’t want to
create trouble because I believe in the Prophecy. All these Jews are going to
gather (in Israel),” Mr. Kuttab quoted the cleric as saying, adding that “then,
with a big smirk on his face, he said, ‘they’re all going to die because (of) Armageddon,
they’re all going to be destroyed except those who accept Jesus Christ as the
Saviour.’”
Mr. Netanyahu, who
has denounced pro-Palestinian protesters as “anti-Semitic mobs.” shrouded himself in silence earlier this
month as Christian prayer leader and singer Sean
Feucht led his far-right followers in a pro-Israel march against
pro-Palestinian demonstrators at a University of South California (USC) campus
to portray the Gaza war as a harbinger of the ‘End Times’ predicted in the
Bible.
Mr Feucht was
joined at the campus by Ché Ahn, the leader of Pasadena’s Harvest Rock Church,
who defines being pro-Israel as converting Jews to his brand of Evangelical Christianity.
Sean Feucht
leads a pro-Israel demonstration at the University of South California. Source:
Sean Feucht Facebook’s page
Dressed in a Jesus rocker-style
black jean jacket, Mr. Feucht told Fox News, “We want Americans to see that we are fed
up with this rot of anti-Semitism on the college campuses.”
Fox News passed on
the opportunity to question Mr. Feucht on his association with the far-right Proud Boys, QAnon conspiracy theorists, the ReAwaken America Tour, a conspiracy-laden road show, and Elijah Schaffer, a podcaster, all notorious for their
anti-Semitic tendencies.
“I do interfaith
dialogue for a living. These people are not doing interfaith dialogue. They’re
doing Christian supremacy, but they’re cloaking it in the garb of interfaith
solidarity,” said Matthew D. Taylor, a religious studies scholar and expert in
Christian nationalism.
A retired historian
warned in an email, “If the chain of apocalyptic events that the Christian
Zionist expounders of bogus ‘Bible prophecy’ have conditioned millions of
American Christians to believe that they are preordained by God, including
catastrophic war and a second Holocaust with the Palestinians as its victims,
is brought about and then Jesus does not return when their ‘prophecy’ predicts
– and he will not – Christianity will become abhorrent in the eyes of the
world, seen by non-Christians as a genocidal doomsday cult. And it will spark a
global firestorm of anti-Semitism against all Jews.”
In the spirit of
Nahdlatul Ulama, Mr. Kuttab, the Palestinian lawyer, advocates engagement with
Evangelical Christians and believes that effecting change is possible. Mr.
Kuttab’s view implies that Evangelicals, unlike ultra-nationalist and
ultra-conservative Jews, Hindu nationalists, and militant Islamists, may be
low-hanging fruit, at least when it comes to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Christian
Zionists at a Day of Prayer for the Peace of Jerusalem. Credit: The Times of
Israel
“So, when you sit
with them and quote the Bible to them, they are very liable to change their
positions, but you have to talk to them in Biblical terms. You have to quote
scripture to them… You have to talk to them about Christ love, Christ
compassion, Christ being the Prince of Peace, Christ being open to everybody,
to salvation for God loves the world, not just the Jewish tribe, that he gave
his only begotten son. So, whoever believes in Him shall not perish but have
everlasting life. When you talk to many Christian Zionists in that language,
they say,’ Hmm, we never thought about that. Maybe you are right.’… The problem
is that most people who talk to Christian Zionists don’t use that language,”
Mr. Kuttab added.
Earlier this month,
the United Methodist Church, a mainstream Protestant church with some 5.4
million followers and 30,000 houses of worship in the United States that has
lost up to a quarter of its membership because of its increasing tolerance of
same-sex marriage, called on its investment managers to divest
from Israeli bonds as well
as Turkish and Moroccan securities.
The church cited as
reasons for the disinvestment Israel’s occupation of Palestinian territories
conquered during the 1967 Middle East war, the continued presence in Northern
Cyprus of Turkish troops since Turkey invaded the Mediterranean island in 1974,
and the Moroccan occupation of the Western Sahara since 1975.
The rise of Israel’s far-right government shines a spotlight
on problematic elements of Jewish law reflected in Israel’s Gaza war conduct,
its us-or-them approach to Palestinians, and its policies on the West Bank.
Early in the war, Mr. Netanyahu invoked the Biblical command
to “attack the Amalekites” and destroy all that belongs to them. “Do not spare
them; put to death men and women, children and infants, cattle and sheep,
camels and donkeys,” the command says.
Although challenged by numerous rabbinical scholars over the
centuries, Israeli politicians and military personnel fighting in Gaza echoed Mr. Netanyahu’s
invocation.
Ultraconservatives view Amalek, the grandson of Esau and his
descendants and anyone else who lived in their Canaanite territory, as the
archetype of evil symbolic of Israel and the Jews’ nemeses.
Earlier this month, far-right Rabbi Dov Lior, a
proponent of killing and ethically cleansing Palestinians, legitimised
breaking the Sabbath to prevent humanitarian aid from entering Gaza.
"We should be happy that we have a population that
cares about Israel and cares about the Sabbath ... A
war that takes place on the Sabbath makes it permissible to violate the Sabbath,"
Mr. Lior decreed.
Rabbi
Eliyahu Mali speaking in a conference at his Shirat Moshe yeshiva. Source:
Twitter
In March, Rabbi Eliyahu Mali, whose government-subsidised
religious seminary in Jaffa aims to dispossess Palestinians still resident in what is today a
southern suburb of Tel Aviv that once was Palestine’s most populous city,
issued what can only be called an incitement to genocide.
A proponent of permanent Israeli re-settlement of Gaza on
religious grounds alongside other ultra-conservative rabbis, including Tzvi
Elimelekh Shabaf and David Fendel, Mr.
Mali received US$800,000 in government support in 2023.
“The basic rule we have when fighting a holy war, in this
case, Gaza, is the doctrine of ‘not sparing a soul.’ The logic of this is very
clear. If you don’t kill them, they will try to kill you. Today’s saboteurs are
the children of the previous war whom we kept alive,” Mr. Mali, citing
scripture, said in a conference at his Shirat Moshe Yeshiva.
Like various forms of ultra-conservative Islam such as
Wahhabism, jihadism in the shape of the Islamic State and Al Qaeda, and Hindu
and Christian nationalism, militant, supremacist expressions of Judaism
represented by religious Zionism in the way it is currently expressed
demonstrate the risk of leaving unaltered problematic tenets in religious law.
As the 9/11 attacks did with Islam, Israel’s policy towards
the Palestinians shines a spotlight on problematic Jewish religious legal
precepts.
Common wisdom says what is needed is pressure on Israel,
particularly from the United States and Europe. No doubt, pressure helps, but
much like Nahdlatul Ulama has taken the lead in tackling head-on legal,
ideological, and religious issues that make Islam part of the problem rather
than the solution, Jews will have to do the same for Judaism.
9/11 put Islam’s problems on the front burner. Israel and
Jews could face a similar situation as circumstances in the occupied
territories, including East Jerusalem, as a result of Israeli policies spin out
of control.
Dr. James M. Dorsey is an Adjunct Senior
Fellow at Nanyang Technological University’s S. Rajaratnam School of
International Studies, and the author of the syndicated column and podcast, The Turbulent World with James M. Dorsey.
Comments
Post a Comment